Before the advent of GPS, the only way to navigate was by map, compass, pace count and terrain association. I learned from Uncle how to go from point A to point B with reasonable accuracy.

Using a pace count was a must. We almost never (at least I never used) time as a measurement of distance traveled.

I also learned to get an accurate pace count using a known distance, and walking with what I would be carrying.

Frankly, once the batteries die, a lot of GIs today are lost. Land nav is a dying art.

If you pay attention to the map features, and can match terrain to the map, and have kept a pretty accurate pace count, you do ok. Oh yeah, one big rule. If you think you should be there, but aren't - you almost never have overshot. Keep going a bit farther.