Most definitely include an in-depth course in high school. Make it a whole year course instead of the half year we had in the 80's. The first four Six-Weeks would be spent on personal budgeting, credit cards, simple time value of money, etc. I'd include a realistic scenario as the last two Six-Weeks of the course. Make each day a month. One Six-Weeks the class has a set income, various expenses, and a home loan (half have fixed interest, half have variable). The next Six-Weeks, they start fresh and switch to the other interest type. Passing the course will include a report of how they did with each loan.

For the college level, it is depending on your major. Engineering Economy will give you the knowledge needed to evaluate loans, determine ROI, etc. It's presented as looking at different machinery lives, replacement costs, and such but it's all time value of money. So many years at an interest rate, annual cash flows, present value, future values, and salvage. The only thing that changes between loans & investments is which direction the money flows. IIRC what they don't go into is why you want a fixed interest rate rather than variable.