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Are there standalone ones in addition to ones that fit into backpacks?

Yes. They make stowaway packs that can go into non-specific packs or even on the outside. They also make fanny packs and a whole range of pack sizes from basic water-only paks to full suspension gear.

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How do you clean them?

Typically you load them with warm water and soap, use a scrub brush to get all the surfaces, hardware, and tube clean. Then you rinse, put in another batch of water, this time with a cleaner tab - making sure to expose all items including the tube and bite valve. Drain that water, rinse, and fill with water.

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What sizes do they come in?

The packs themselves come in a wide range of sizes, and the reservoirs go from the 1liter range to the 3liter range, but some packs have room for several bags in a system.

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Are the various manufacturers designed fairly similarly, or are there major differences in design?

Like all things in life, this is in the eye of the beholder. Camelbak makes a superior product and the military uses them I believe (or used to). There are other companies that produce them, but Camelbak focuses on hydration systems. The designs are similar, but it's the details that always kill ya....

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Can you put liquids other than water in them?

Sure... I'd avoid anything that spoils like milk or OJ. Generally water, iced tea and gatorade are fine. But water is preferred and aftertaste, smell, etc. are concerns as are proper cleaning.

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What is the life expectancy of one?

All reservoirs in the 2006 lines from Camelbak have a lifetime warranty due to the toughness and antimicrobial properties. Tubes and valves - depends on use and exposure, but I should think 2 years for those parts under moderate to heavy use, perhaps up to as much as 5 years.

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Are they all backpack set up, or are there other types, such as butt pack ones?

Fanny/butt packs, backpacks, stand-alones, slingpacks... I've seen quite a few variations.

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What else should I know that I haven't asked about?

That they are cheap enough to just go get one and try it out to see if you like them. $20-$25 is not uncommon for the smaller hiking/biking packs. www.camelbak.com is a great place to start if you want to see models and such. The latest ones are highly impact resistant and tear resistant.
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Experience is a hard teacher because she gives the test first, the lesson afterwards.