Ibuprofen (Advil and Motrin) and Naproxen (Aleve) are anti inflammatory (I don't believe Asprin is) and sometimes they work better for pain, or when you have a long term pain such as after surgery doctors might have you alternate between ibuprofen and aspirin.

For non-end of the world something like
https://www.walgreens.com/store/c/red-cross-toothache-complete-medication-kit/ID=prod1769-product and https://www.cvs.com/shop/cvs-health-temporary-lost-filling-loose-cap-repair-prodid-695108

You can buy pretty much anywhere, walgreens and cvs were just the first hits I found when looking for a picture.

I had a filling pop out on a Friday night so I had to get through the weekend until Monday,so a dot of the pain relief, then the temp filling to fill the hole until you can get to a dentist helps.