I was trained in celestial nav. and learned a survival method using primitive tools (stick,string etc) and a memorized table of a few primary nav stars. It was pretty complex and took a bit of work to get proficient, but it did work and would plot you to within 25 miles or less, depending on a lot of variables. I have not seen the technique mentioned in anything for years, so one would have to check out some of the Air Force survival manuals from the late 50's or so.

It assumed you were a navigator and understood the complexities and also had a watch set to the correct time (GMT). We had periodic refreshers and practice sessions to stay current. A lot of work to keep current, but like most survival things, it only is worth it if you need it. Then of course it is too late to learn it.

If I remember correctly we made a fixture that would allow us to measure a stars zenith time with a great deal of accuracy. We would lay on our back under the fixture and wait for one of the memorized stars to cross the fixture and note its zenith time. Then there was a number (which changed over time) assigned to each star. We then did a memorized series of calculations (about 15) and resolved our location. It was suprisingly accurate.

We would have several guys do it independently and then compare our answers. Of course we were highly motivated. I doubt that I could do it now even if it were written down. It is amazing what you can do when you are scared.