I've been to all kinds of disasters in all kinds of places. Every disaster is different, every person and the impacts they incurred is different, and people define "recovery" differently.

As a stab in the dark, I'd say that a typical person would probably feel like they'd recovered when they have returned to stable employment and permanent housing, even if they aren't the same as before, the roads are passable and debris is being dealt with, public utilities are mostly restored, most shops and businesses are re-opened and the usual goods and services are once again generally available from the local economy. And I'd say that when most people feel that way, then the local community or region has probably recovered. But the time it takes for all that to happen varies extremely widely, and, of course, some people and communities never really recover.