I think a satphone is out for you based on budget. They're expensive to buy and even more expensive to use.
If you're a licensed ham, then you should at least have a ham HT. There's a very inexpensive dual-bander from Baofeng (the UV-5R, about $30 shipped in the USA) that I've added to all of my kits for the use of the three hams in my household. If you are not a licensed ham, it's easy to become one, let me know here or via PM if you would like advice on getting started.
There are places on your list, though, where a ham HT is unlikely to work for your needs. You could put together a backpack ham rig that would, but that may be beyond your interest level/budget/weight limits. Based on what you've told us I think I would suggest the InReach. It might be good, though, if someone who owned an InReach would chime in.
(no affiliation with any companies mentioned here)