I have had this happen with a pair of cheap tennis shoes where both soles came off within a short period of time of each other.

I have found that super glue does a reasonably credible job of gluing the soles back on and has the side benefit of being usable in the wild. However, it took a whole tube to glue on one sole and even then the coverage was limited.

http://ilbob.blogspot.com/2011/09/walmaret-sneaker-fail.html