The anchors of cruise ships weigh 15 to 25 tons (not including the chain), and they're pointy at each end. And you don't think one of these things (esp swinging) could do some damage to a ship???
The anchors and their mountings are designed so the anchors can be dropped without hitting anything. (or at least should be).
The real issue is: What happens when those anchors hit the bottom? Firstly, As Art pointed out, if the anchor actually gets properly stuck you will be very lucky if the only thing that breaks is the chain. (And that is the way I would design things - to let the anchor mountings take considerably more strain than the chains).
Secondly, dropping an anchor could seriously conflict with the ships navigation. Which is NOT a trivial thing if you're close to land or in busy ship lanes or just happens to pass near another ship. The forces involved when handling a ship this size is NOT something you play with.
Dropping the anchor is an act of emergency for situations with no propulsion. Usually, the anchor drags along the bottom with considerably resistance (friction) digging into the mud, slowing but not stopping the ship's movement.