1) Soap
Lye from wood ashes, combined with animal fats or glycerin derived from animal bones and connective tissues. The fats get you a stronger general use soap. Glycerin gets you a milder soap. Herbal sources of plant surfactants can serve as a mild soap and can be used to make the soap more pleasant. Some forms of fine clays work well as a cleaning agent effectively carrying away excess body oils and grease.

2) Gunpowder
Potassium nitrate extracted from urine.

3) Toothpaste
Fine clay, salt, fine ground sawdust, a small amount of glycerin based homemade soap

4) Deodorant/antiperspirant
Epsom salts if available make an effective deodorant.

5) Leavening agents (not a sourdough yeast mother - chemical only)I think you provide your own answer.

6) Bleach/Chlorine
Lye can be used for some bleaching.

7) Cleansers
Fine sand, clay and sawdust can be used alone or with soaps. Also both vinegar and alcohol have uses.

8) Lubricants
Animal and plant based grease and oils can serve. If you in a location where mineral oils are available you could rig a small refinery to fraction off the crude.

9) Simple Medicines
Other than chemical purgatives your pretty much limited to herbal medicines. Chloral hydrate should be practical give a dedicated effort in chemistry. Given the chemicals I list ether and chloroform might be possible.

10) Fertilizer
Compost pile.

I don't think raw chemicals are generally cost, time-effort, effective goals there are a few that are easy and possible.

Alcohol.
Ferment in an anaerobic environment and distill.

Acetic acid, vinegar.
Ferment in an aerobic environment.

Casein.
Extracted from milk. Gives you a base for paints, glues and a simple form of plastic.

Tannins.
From oaks. Water extract from acorn processing, galls for concentrated tannins, and bark.

Potassium nitrate.
Extract from urine. Can be processed to get you nitric acid.

Methane, HS.
From a digester. Methane for fuel needs the HS extracted by running through iron filings which gets you Iron Sulfate which is the base for an effective ink when combined with tannins from oak gall. HS processed through water gets you sulphuric acid.

Given some way of producing electricity, solar, wind and hydro power sound good, your ability to extract and process chemicals opens up. As with all things as you get deeper into it it gets easier. Your ability to create one thing leads to many more options. Helped along by the fact that your not actually discovering or inventing anything.

Look up industrial processes from 1700s to early 1900s. Also a good source for formulas is:
"Henley's Twentieth Century Formulas and Trade Secrets"